Sources

Citations

Every research note on this site links here. Each entry is a published study, a clinical guideline, or an official government or regulatory page. Numbered links on other pages jump straight to the matching source.

HormonesPeptide LibraryDNA & Epigenetics

Hormones and labs

Sources for the Hormones page. Entries 1 to 3 are also used on the Peptide Library.

  1. 1

    Bhasin, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(5):1715-1744. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00229

    Cited on: Hormones, Peptide Library

  2. 2

    The North American Menopause Society. The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2022;29(7):767-794. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000002028

    Cited on: Hormones, Peptide Library

  3. 3

    Davis SR, et al. Global consensus position statement on the use of testosterone therapy for women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(10):4660-4666. doi:10.1210/jc.2019-01603

    Cited on: Hormones, Peptide Library

  4. 4

    Santoro N. Perimenopause: from research to practice. J Womens Health. 2016;25(4):332-339. doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5556

    Cited on: Hormones

  5. 5

    Kronenberg, et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(39):3925-3946. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361

    Cited on: Hormones

  6. 6

    Hammond GL. Plasma steroid-binding proteins: primary gatekeepers of steroid hormone action. J Endocrinol. 2016;230(1):R13-R25. doi:10.1530/JOE-16-0070

    Cited on: Hormones

  7. 7

    MedlinePlus. SHBG blood test. U.S. National Library of Medicine. medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/shbg-blood-test

    Cited on: Hormones

  8. 8

    Serin, et al. Long-term effects of continuous oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on sex hormone binding globulin and free testosterone levels. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2001;99(2):222-225. doi:10.1016/s0301-2115(01)00398-0

    Cited on: Hormones

  9. 9

    Yager JD. Mechanisms of estrogen carcinogenesis: the role of E2/E1-quinone metabolites suggests new approaches to preventive intervention. A review. Steroids. 2015;99(Pt A):56-60. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.006

    Cited on: Hormones, DNA & Epigenetics

  10. 10

    Sui, et al. The role of gut microbial β-glucuronidase in estrogen reactivation and breast cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:631552. doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.631552

    Cited on: Hormones

Peptides and medications

Sources for the Peptide Library. Estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone therapy also use entries 1 to 3 above.

  1. 11

    Jastreboff, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205-216. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206038

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Tirzepatide)

  2. 12

    Wilding, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989-1002. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2032183

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Semaglutide)

  3. 13

    U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA's concerns with unapproved GLP-1 drugs used for weight loss. fda.gov

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Tirzepatide, Semaglutide)

  4. 14

    U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Determination that GEREF (sermorelin acetate) injection was not withdrawn from sale for reasons of safety or effectiveness. Federal Register. March 4, 2013. federalregister.gov

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Sermorelin)

  5. 15

    Walker. Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency? Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1(4):307-308. doi:10.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.307

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Sermorelin)

  6. 16

    Falutz, et al. Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(23):2359-2370. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072375

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Tesamorelin)

  7. 17

    EGRIFTA (tesamorelin) prescribing information. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. accessdata.fda.gov

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Tesamorelin)

  8. 18

    Teichman, et al. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):799-805. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1536

    Cited on: Peptide Library (CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin)

  9. 19

    Raun, et al. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1390552

    Cited on: Peptide Library (CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin)

  10. 20

    Vasireddi, et al. Emerging use of BPC-157 in orthopaedic sports medicine: a systematic review. HSS J. 2025;21(4):485-495. doi:10.1177/15563316251355551

    Cited on: Peptide Library (BPC-157)

  11. 21

    Rajman, et al. Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: the in vivo evidence. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):529-547. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011

    Cited on: Peptide Library (NAD+)

  12. 22

    Richie JP, et al. Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione. Eur J Nutr. 2015;54(2):251-263. doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0706-z

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Glutathione)

  13. 23

    Lee C, et al. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 2015;21(3):443-454. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.009

    Cited on: Peptide Library (MOTS-c)

  14. 24

    Karaa A, et al. Randomized dose-escalation trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy. Neurology. 2018;90(14):e1212-e1221. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000005255

    Cited on: Peptide Library (SS-31)

  15. 25

    Araj SK, et al. Overview of Epitalon: highly bioactive pineal tetrapeptide with promising properties. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(6):2691. doi:10.3390/ijms26062691

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Epithalon)

  16. 26

    Tao N, et al. Thymosin α1 and its role in viral infectious diseases: the mechanism and clinical application. Molecules. 2023;28(8):3539. doi:10.3390/molecules28083539

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Thymosin Alpha-1)

  17. 27

    DrugBank. Thymalfasin (DB04900). go.drugbank.com

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Thymosin Alpha-1)

  18. 28

    Younger J, et al. Low-dose naltrexone for the treatment of fibromyalgia: findings of a small, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover trial assessing daily pain levels. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(2):529-538. doi:10.1002/art.37734

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Low-Dose Naltrexone)

  19. 29

    Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):1987. doi:10.3390/ijms19071987

    Cited on: Peptide Library (GHK-Cu)

  20. 30

    Kingsberg SA, et al. Bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder: two randomized phase 3 trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003500

    Cited on: Peptide Library (PT-141)

  21. 31

    U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves new treatment for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. News release, June 21, 2019. Republished by BioSpace

    Cited on: Peptide Library (PT-141)

  22. 32

    The North American Menopause Society. The 2020 genitourinary syndrome of menopause position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2020;27(9):976-992. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000001609

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Vaginal Estradiol)

  23. 33

    Wiehle RD, et al. Enclomiphene citrate stimulates testosterone production while preventing oligospermia: a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing topical testosterone. Fertil Steril. 2014;102(3):720-727. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.06.004

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Enclomiphene)

  24. 34

    Hsieh TC, et al. Concomitant intramuscular human chorionic gonadotropin preserves spermatogenesis in men undergoing testosterone replacement therapy. J Urol. 2013;189(2):647-650. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.043

    Cited on: Peptide Library (hCG)

  25. 35

    ATAC Trialists' Group (Baum M, et al.). Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9324):2131-2139. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09088-8

    Cited on: Peptide Library (Anastrozole)

  26. 36

    Muttenthaler M, King GF, Adams DJ, Alewood PF. Trends in peptide drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(4):309-325. doi:10.1038/s41573-020-00135-8

    Cited on: Peptide Library (What are peptides?)

  27. 37

    Wang L, et al. Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):48. doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00904-4

    Cited on: Peptide Library (What are peptides?)

Stacks (Wolverine, Klow, Glow) rely on the sources listed for the peptides inside them.

DNA and epigenetics

Sources for the DNA & Epigenetics page. Estrogen clearance also uses entry 9 above.

  1. 38

    MedlinePlus Genetics. What is direct-to-consumer genetic testing? U.S. National Library of Medicine. medlineplus.gov

    Cited on: DNA & Epigenetics

  2. 39

    Weedon MN, et al. Use of SNP chips to detect rare pathogenic variants: retrospective, population based diagnostic evaluation. BMJ. 2021;372:n214. doi:10.1136/bmj.n214

    Cited on: DNA & Epigenetics

  3. 40

    MedlinePlus Genetics. MTHFR gene. U.S. National Library of Medicine. medlineplus.gov

    Cited on: DNA & Epigenetics

  4. 41

    Cornelis MC, El-Sohemy A, Kabagambe EK, Campos H. Coffee, CYP1A2 genotype, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2006;295(10):1135-1141. doi:10.1001/jama.295.10.1135

    Cited on: DNA & Epigenetics

  5. 42

    Wang TJ, et al. Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet. 2010;376(9736):180-188. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60588-0

    Cited on: DNA & Epigenetics

  6. 43

    Horvath S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol. 2013;14(10):R115. doi:10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115

    Cited on: DNA & Epigenetics

  7. 44

    Belsky DW, et al. DunedinPACE, a DNA methylation biomarker of the pace of aging. eLife. 2022;11:e73420. doi:10.7554/eLife.73420

    Cited on: DNA & Epigenetics

  8. 45

    Fitzgerald KN, et al. Potential reversal of epigenetic age using a diet and lifestyle intervention: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Aging (Albany NY). 2021;13(7):9419-9432. doi:10.18632/aging.202913

    Cited on: DNA & Epigenetics

This page lists sources for educational content only and is not medical advice. Please read the medical disclaimer.